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fixes #95

Reviewed-on: #96
Co-authored-by: localhorst <localhorst@mosad.xyz>
Co-committed-by: localhorst <localhorst@mosad.xyz>

include/reHDD.h

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #ifndef REHDD_H_
 #define REHDD_H_
 
-#define REHDD_VERSION "V1.3.1"
+#define REHDD_VERSION "V1.4.0-dev"
 
 // Drive handling Settings
 #define WORSE_HOURS 19200    // mark drive if at this limit or beyond
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 // Logger Settings
 #define LOG_PATH "./reHDD.log"
-#define DESCRIPTION "reHDD - Copyright Hendrik Schutter 2025"
+#define DESCRIPTION "reHDD - Copyright Hendrik Schutter 2026"
 #define DEVICE_ID "generic"
 #define SOFTWARE_VERSION REHDD_VERSION
 #define HARDWARE_VERSION "generic"

include/shred.h

@@ -16,9 +16,28 @@
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <chrono>
 
-#define CHUNK_SIZE 1024 * 1024 * 32 // amount of bytes that are overwritten at once --> 32MB
+// Adaptive chunk size optimization - uncomment to enable
-#define TFNG_DATA_SIZE CHUNK_SIZE   // amount of bytes used by tfng
+#define ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+
+// Chunk size configuration
+#define CHUNK_SIZE_START 1024 * 1024 * 32 // Starting chunk size: 32MB
+#define CHUNK_SIZE_MIN 1024 * 1024 * 4 // Minimum chunk size: 4MB
+#define CHUNK_SIZE_MAX 1024 * 1024 * 128 // Maximum chunk size: 128MB
+#define CHUNK_SIZE_STEP_UP 1024 * 1024 * 2 // Increase step: 2MB
+#define CHUNK_SIZE_STEP_DOWN 1024 * 1024 * 4 // Decrease step: 4MB
+#define CHUNK_MEASURE_INTERVAL 64 // Measure performance every 64 chunks
+
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+// Use max buffer size when adaptive mode is enabled
+#define CHUNK_SIZE CHUNK_SIZE_MAX
+#define TFNG_DATA_SIZE CHUNK_SIZE_MAX
+#else
+// Use fixed chunk size when adaptive mode is disabled
+#define CHUNK_SIZE CHUNK_SIZE_START
+#define TFNG_DATA_SIZE CHUNK_SIZE
+#endif
 
 // #define DEMO_DRIVE_SIZE 1024*1024*256L // 256MB
 // #define DEMO_DRIVE_SIZE 1024*1024*1024L // 1GB
@@ -38,13 +57,38 @@ public:
 private:
     fileDescriptor randomSrcFileDiscr;
     fileDescriptor driveFileDiscr;
+
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+    unsigned char* caTfngData; // Dynamic buffer allocation for adaptive mode
+    unsigned char* caReadBuffer; // Dynamic buffer allocation for adaptive mode
+#else
     unsigned char caTfngData[TFNG_DATA_SIZE];
     unsigned char caReadBuffer[CHUNK_SIZE];
+#endif
+
     unsigned long ulDriveByteSize;
     unsigned long ulDriveByteOverallCount = 0; // all bytes shredded in all iterations + checking -> used for progress calculation
     double d32Percent = 0.0;
     double d32TmpPercent = 0.0;
 
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+    // Adaptive chunk size optimization members
+    size_t currentChunkSize;
+    size_t bestChunkSize;
+    unsigned int chunkCounter;
+    std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::time_point measurementStartTime;
+    double bestThroughputMBps;
+    double lastThroughputMBps;
+    unsigned long bytesWrittenInMeasurement;
+    bool throughputIncreasing;
+
+    // Adaptive methods
+    void startMeasurement();
+    void evaluateThroughput(Drive* drive);
+    void adjustChunkSize(Drive* drive);
+    size_t getCurrentChunkSize() const;
+#endif
+
     inline double calcProgress();
     int iRewindDrive(fileDescriptor file);
     long getDriveSizeInBytes(fileDescriptor file);

include/smart.h

@@ -10,27 +10,29 @@
 
 #include "reHDD.h"
 
+/**
+ * @brief SMART data reader for drives
+ *
+ * Parses smartctl JSON output to extract:
+ * - Device information (model, serial, capacity)
+ * - Power statistics (hours, cycles)
+ * - Temperature
+ * - Critical sector counts (reallocated, pending, uncorrectable)
+ *
+ * Uses deterministic state machine parser for reliable multi-line JSON parsing.
+ */
 class SMART
 {
 protected:
 public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Read S.M.A.R.T. data from drive and populate Drive object
+     * @param drive Pointer to Drive instance to populate with SMART data
+     */
     static void readSMARTData(Drive *drive);
 
 private:
-    SMART(void);
+    SMART(void); // Utility class - no instances
-
-    static bool parseExitStatus(std::string sLine, uint8_t &status);
-    static bool parseModelFamily(std::string sLine, std::string &modelFamily);
-    static bool parseModelName(std::string sLine, std::string &modelName);
-    static bool parseSerial(std::string sLine, std::string &serial);
-    static bool parseCapacity(std::string sLine, uint64_t &capacity);
-    static bool parseErrorCount(std::string sLine, uint32_t &errorCount);
-    static bool parsePowerOnHours(std::string sLine, uint32_t &powerOnHours);
-    static bool parsePowerCycles(std::string sLine, uint32_t &powerCycles);
-    static bool parseTemperature(std::string sLine, uint32_t &temperature);
-    static bool parseReallocatedSectors(std::string sLine, uint32_t &reallocatedSectors);
-    static bool parsePendingSectors(std::string sLine, uint32_t &pendingSectors);
-    static bool parseUncorrectableSectors(std::string sLine, uint32_t &uncorrectableSectors);
 };
 
 #endif // SMART_H_

src/shred.cpp

@@ -21,11 +21,168 @@ const static char *randomsrc = (char *)"/dev/urandom";
 
 Shred::Shred()
 {
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+    // Allocate aligned buffers for maximum chunk size
+    if (posix_memalign((void **)&caTfngData, 4096, CHUNK_SIZE_MAX) != 0)
+    {
+        Logger::logThis()->error("Failed to allocate aligned buffer for tfng data");
+        caTfngData = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    if (posix_memalign((void **)&caReadBuffer, 4096, CHUNK_SIZE_MAX) != 0)
+    {
+        Logger::logThis()->error("Failed to allocate aligned buffer for read buffer");
+        caReadBuffer = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // Initialize adaptive tracking variables
+    currentChunkSize = CHUNK_SIZE_START;
+    bestChunkSize = CHUNK_SIZE_START;
+    chunkCounter = 0;
+    bestThroughputMBps = 0.0;
+    lastThroughputMBps = 0.0;
+    bytesWrittenInMeasurement = 0;
+    throughputIncreasing = true;
+
+    Logger::logThis()->info("Adaptive chunk size optimization ENABLED - Starting with " +
+                            to_string(currentChunkSize / (1024 * 1024)) + " MB chunks");
+#endif
 }
 
 Shred::~Shred()
 {
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+    if (caTfngData != nullptr)
+    {
+        free(caTfngData);
+        caTfngData = nullptr;
     }
+    if (caReadBuffer != nullptr)
+    {
+        free(caReadBuffer);
+        caReadBuffer = nullptr;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+/**
+ * \brief   Start performance measurement interval
+ * \return  void
+ */
+void Shred::startMeasurement()
+{
+    measurementStartTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+    bytesWrittenInMeasurement = 0;
+    chunkCounter = 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * \brief   shred drive with shred
+ * \param   pointer of Drive instance
+ * \param   file descriptor for signaling
+ * \return  0 on success, -1 on error
+ */
+void Shred::evaluateThroughput(Drive *drive)
+{
+    auto measurementEndTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+    std::chrono::duration<double> elapsed = measurementEndTime - measurementStartTime;
+    double elapsedSeconds = elapsed.count();
+
+    if (elapsedSeconds > 0.0)
+    {
+        double throughputMBps = (bytesWrittenInMeasurement / (1024.0 * 1024.0)) / elapsedSeconds;
+        lastThroughputMBps = throughputMBps;
+
+        Logger::logThis()->info("Throughput measurement - ChunkSize: " +
+                                to_string(currentChunkSize / (1024 * 1024)) + " MB, " +
+                                "Throughput: " + to_string((int)throughputMBps) + " MB/s, " +
+                                "Best: " + to_string((int)bestThroughputMBps) + " MB/s" +
+                                " - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
+
+        // Check if this is better than our best
+        if (throughputMBps > bestThroughputMBps)
+        {
+            bestThroughputMBps = throughputMBps;
+            bestChunkSize = currentChunkSize;
+            throughputIncreasing = true;
+
+            Logger::logThis()->info("NEW BEST throughput: " + to_string((int)bestThroughputMBps) +
+                                    " MB/s with " + to_string(currentChunkSize / (1024 * 1024)) +
+                                    " MB chunks - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            throughputIncreasing = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Adjust chunk size for next measurement interval
+    adjustChunkSize(drive);
+
+    // Start new measurement
+    startMeasurement();
+}
+
+/**
+ * \brief   Adjust chunk size based on throughput trend
+ * \param   pointer to Drive instance
+ * \return  void
+ */
+void Shred::adjustChunkSize(Drive *drive)
+{
+    size_t oldChunkSize = currentChunkSize;
+
+    if (throughputIncreasing)
+    {
+        // Throughput is improving - increase chunk size
+        currentChunkSize += CHUNK_SIZE_STEP_UP;
+
+        // Clamp to maximum
+        if (currentChunkSize > CHUNK_SIZE_MAX)
+        {
+            currentChunkSize = CHUNK_SIZE_MAX;
+            Logger::logThis()->info("Reached maximum chunk size: " +
+                                    to_string(currentChunkSize / (1024 * 1024)) + " MB" +
+                                    " - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // Throughput decreased - decrease chunk size to find sweet spot
+        if (currentChunkSize > CHUNK_SIZE_STEP_DOWN)
+        {
+            currentChunkSize -= CHUNK_SIZE_STEP_DOWN;
+        }
+
+        // Clamp to minimum
+        if (currentChunkSize < CHUNK_SIZE_MIN)
+        {
+            currentChunkSize = CHUNK_SIZE_MIN;
+            Logger::logThis()->info("Reached minimum chunk size: " +
+                                    to_string(currentChunkSize / (1024 * 1024)) + " MB" +
+                                    " - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (oldChunkSize != currentChunkSize)
+    {
+        Logger::logThis()->info("Adjusted chunk size: " +
+                                to_string(oldChunkSize / (1024 * 1024)) + " MB -> " +
+                                to_string(currentChunkSize / (1024 * 1024)) + " MB" +
+                                " - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * \brief   Get current chunk size for adaptive mode
+ * \return  current chunk size in bytes
+ */
+size_t Shred::getCurrentChunkSize() const
+{
+    return currentChunkSize;
+}
+#endif
 
 /**
  * \brief   shred drive with shred
@@ -76,6 +233,15 @@ int Shred::shredDrive(Drive *drive, int *ipSignalFd)
     const char *cpDrivePath = sDrivePath.c_str();
     unsigned char ucKey[TFNG_KEY_SIZE];
 
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+    // Validate buffers were allocated
+    if (caTfngData == nullptr || caReadBuffer == nullptr)
+    {
+        Logger::logThis()->error("Shred-Task: Aligned buffers not allocated! - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
+        return -1;
+    }
+#endif
+
     // Open random source
     Logger::logThis()->info("Shred-Task: Opening random source: " + string(randomsrc) + " - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
     randomSrcFileDiscr = open(randomsrc, O_RDONLY | O_LARGEFILE);
@@ -182,14 +348,18 @@ int Shred::shredDrive(Drive *drive, int *ipSignalFd)
     }
 
     Drive::ShredSpeed shredSpeed = drive->sShredSpeed.load();
-    shredSpeed.chronoShredTimestamp = std::chrono::system_clock::now(); // set inital timestamp for speed metric
+    shredSpeed.chronoShredTimestamp = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
-    shredSpeed.ulSpeedMetricBytesWritten = 0U;                          // uses to calculate speed metric
+    shredSpeed.ulSpeedMetricBytesWritten = 0U;
     drive->sShredSpeed.store(shredSpeed);
 
 #ifdef LOG_LEVEL_HIGH
     Logger::logThis()->info("Shred-Task: Bytes-Size of Drive: " + to_string(this->ulDriveByteSize) + " - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
 #endif
 
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+    // Start first measurement interval
+    startMeasurement();
+#endif
     // Main shredding loop
     for (unsigned int uiShredIterationCounter = 0U; uiShredIterationCounter < SHRED_ITERATIONS; uiShredIterationCounter++)
     {
@@ -200,44 +370,39 @@ int Shred::shredDrive(Drive *drive, int *ipSignalFd)
         if (uiShredIterationCounter == (SHRED_ITERATIONS - 1))
         {
             // last shred iteration --> overwrite (just the write chunk) bytes with zeros instead with random data
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+            memset(caTfngData, 0U, CHUNK_SIZE_MAX);
+#else
             memset(caTfngData, 0U, CHUNK_SIZE);
+#endif
         }
 
         while (ulDriveByteCounter < ulDriveByteSize)
         {
-            // Check if task was aborted
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
-            if (drive->state.load() != Drive::TaskState::SHRED_ACTIVE)
+            size_t activeChunkSize = getCurrentChunkSize();
-            {
+#else
-                Logger::logThis()->info("Shred-Task: Aborted by user at " + to_string(d32Percent) +
+            size_t activeChunkSize = CHUNK_SIZE;
-                                        "% in iteration " + to_string(uiShredIterationCounter + 1) +
+#endif
-                                        " - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
-                drive->setTaskPercentage(0);
-                d32Percent = 0.00;
-                d32TmpPercent = 0.00;
-                cleanup();
-
-                // CRITICAL: Mark as NOT shredded on abort
-                drive->state = Drive::TaskState::NONE;
-                drive->bWasShredded = false;
-                drive->bWasChecked = false;
-                return -1;
-            }
 
             int iBytesToShred = 0;
 
             if (uiShredIterationCounter != (SHRED_ITERATIONS - 1))
             {
-                // Generate random data for this chunk
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+                tfng_prng_genrandom(caTfngData, activeChunkSize);
+#else
                 tfng_prng_genrandom(caTfngData, TFNG_DATA_SIZE);
+#endif
             }
 
-            if ((ulDriveByteSize - ulDriveByteCounter) < CHUNK_SIZE)
+            if ((ulDriveByteSize - ulDriveByteCounter) < activeChunkSize)
             {
                 iBytesToShred = (ulDriveByteSize - ulDriveByteCounter);
             }
             else
             {
-                iBytesToShred = CHUNK_SIZE;
+                iBytesToShred = activeChunkSize;
             }
 
             int iByteShredded = write(driveFileDiscr, caTfngData, iBytesToShred);
@@ -267,7 +432,20 @@ int Shred::shredDrive(Drive *drive, int *ipSignalFd)
 
             ulDriveByteCounter += iByteShredded;
             ulDriveByteOverallCount += iByteShredded;
+
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+            bytesWrittenInMeasurement += iByteShredded;
+            chunkCounter++;
+
+            // Evaluate throughput after measurement interval
+            if (chunkCounter >= CHUNK_MEASURE_INTERVAL)
+            {
+                evaluateThroughput(drive);
+            }
+#endif
+
             d32Percent = this->calcProgress();
+
 #ifdef LOG_LEVEL_HIGH
             Logger::logThis()->info("Shred-Task: ByteCount: " + to_string(ulDriveByteCounter) +
                                     " - iteration: " + to_string((uiShredIterationCounter + 1)) +
@@ -277,12 +455,23 @@ int Shred::shredDrive(Drive *drive, int *ipSignalFd)
 
             if ((d32Percent - d32TmpPercent) >= 0.01)
             {
-                // set shred percantage
+                // set shred percentage
                 drive->setTaskPercentage(d32TmpPercent);
                 d32TmpPercent = d32Percent;
                 // signal process in shredding
                 write(*ipSignalFd, "A", 1);
             }
+
+            if (drive->state != Drive::TaskState::SHRED_ACTIVE)
+            {
+                drive->setTaskPercentage(0);
+                d32Percent = 0.00;
+                d32TmpPercent = 0.00;
+                ulDriveByteCounter = 0U;
+                Logger::logThis()->info("Aborted shred for: " + drive->getModelName() + "-" + drive->getSerial());
+                cleanup();
+                return -1;
+            }
         }
 
         Logger::logThis()->info("Shred-Task: Iteration " + to_string(uiShredIterationCounter + 1) + "/" +
@@ -304,12 +493,19 @@ int Shred::shredDrive(Drive *drive, int *ipSignalFd)
         }
     }
 
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+    Logger::logThis()->info("Shred completed - Optimal chunk size: " +
+                            to_string(bestChunkSize / (1024 * 1024)) + " MB, " +
+                            "Best throughput: " + to_string((int)bestThroughputMBps) + " MB/s" +
+                            " - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
+#endif
+
     // All shred iterations completed successfully
     tfng_prng_seedkey(NULL);
 
     // ONLY mark as shredded if ALL iterations completed AND fsync succeeded
     drive->bWasShredded = true;
-    Logger::logThis()->info("Shred-Task finished successfully - Drive: " + drive->getModelName() + "-" + drive->getSerial() + " @" + address.str());
+    Logger::logThis()->info("Shred-Task finished - Drive: " + drive->getModelName() + "-" + drive->getSerial() + " @" + address.str());
 
 #ifdef ZERO_CHECK
     drive->state = Drive::TaskState::CHECK_ACTIVE;
@@ -449,6 +645,12 @@ unsigned int Shred::uiCalcChecksum(fileDescriptor file, Drive *drive, int *ipSig
 
     Logger::logThis()->info("Check-Task: Starting checksum verification - Drive: " + drive->getSerial());
 
+#ifdef ADAPTIVE_CHUNK_SIZE
+    size_t checkChunkSize = CHUNK_SIZE_MAX;
+#else
+    size_t checkChunkSize = CHUNK_SIZE;
+#endif
+
     while (ulDriveByteCounter < ulDriveByteSize)
     {
         // Check if task was aborted
@@ -459,14 +661,13 @@ unsigned int Shred::uiCalcChecksum(fileDescriptor file, Drive *drive, int *ipSig
         }
 
         int iBytesToCheck = 0;
-
+        if ((ulDriveByteSize - ulDriveByteCounter) < checkChunkSize)
-        if ((ulDriveByteSize - ulDriveByteCounter) < CHUNK_SIZE)
         {
             iBytesToCheck = (ulDriveByteSize - ulDriveByteCounter);
         }
         else
         {
-            iBytesToCheck = CHUNK_SIZE;
+            iBytesToCheck = checkChunkSize;
         }
         int iReadBytes = read(file, caReadBuffer, iBytesToCheck);
 

src/smart.cpp

@@ -6,8 +6,258 @@
  */
 
 #include "../include/reHDD.h"
+#include <sys/wait.h> // For WIFSIGNALED, WTERMSIG
 using namespace std;
 
+/**
+ * \brief   Parse context for SMART attribute values
+ */
+struct SMARTParseContext
+{
+    // Device information (top-level JSON fields)
+    string modelFamily;
+    string modelName;
+    string serial;
+    uint64_t capacity;
+
+    // Power and temperature (top-level JSON fields)
+    uint32_t errorCount;
+    uint32_t powerOnHours;
+    uint32_t powerCycles;
+    uint32_t temperature;
+
+    // Critical sector counts (from ata_smart_attributes table)
+    uint32_t reallocatedSectors;   // ID 5
+    uint32_t pendingSectors;       // ID 197
+    uint32_t uncorrectableSectors; // ID 198
+
+    // Parser state machine
+    enum State
+    {
+        SEARCHING,        // Looking for next field
+        IN_ATTRIBUTE_5,   // Inside ID 5 object
+        IN_ATTRIBUTE_197, // Inside ID 197 object
+        IN_ATTRIBUTE_198, // Inside ID 198 object
+        IN_RAW_SECTION    // Inside "raw": { } of current attribute
+    };
+
+    State state;
+    int currentAttributeId; // Which attribute are we parsing? (5, 197, 198)
+
+    SMARTParseContext()
+        : capacity(0),
+          errorCount(0),
+          powerOnHours(0),
+          powerCycles(0),
+          temperature(0),
+          reallocatedSectors(0),
+          pendingSectors(0),
+          uncorrectableSectors(0),
+          state(SEARCHING),
+          currentAttributeId(0)
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief   Extract JSON string value
+ * \param   line containing "key": "value"
+ * \return  extracted string value
+ */
+static string extractStringValue(const string &line)
+{
+    size_t colonPos = line.find(": ");
+    if (colonPos == string::npos)
+        return "";
+
+    size_t firstQuote = line.find('"', colonPos + 2);
+    if (firstQuote == string::npos)
+        return "";
+
+    size_t secondQuote = line.find('"', firstQuote + 1);
+    if (secondQuote == string::npos)
+        return "";
+
+    return line.substr(firstQuote + 1, secondQuote - firstQuote - 1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * \brief   Extract JSON integer value
+ * \param   line containing "key": number
+ * \return  extracted integer value
+ */
+static uint64_t extractIntegerValue(const string &line)
+{
+    size_t colonPos = line.find(": ");
+    if (colonPos == string::npos)
+        return 0;
+
+    string valueStr = line.substr(colonPos + 2);
+
+    // Remove whitespace, commas, braces
+    valueStr.erase(remove_if(valueStr.begin(), valueStr.end(),
+                             [](char c)
+                             { return c == ' ' || c == ',' || c == '}' || c == '\n'; }),
+                   valueStr.end());
+
+    // Verify it's a valid number
+    if (valueStr.empty() || valueStr.find_first_not_of("0123456789") != string::npos)
+        return 0;
+
+    try
+    {
+        return stoull(valueStr);
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * \brief   Process a single line of JSON output
+ * \param   line from smartctl JSON output
+ * \param   context parsing context with state
+ * \return  void
+ */
+static void processLine(const string &line, SMARTParseContext &ctx)
+{
+    // Trim whitespace for consistent parsing
+    string trimmed = line;
+    size_t firstNonSpace = trimmed.find_first_not_of(" \t\r\n");
+    if (firstNonSpace != string::npos)
+    {
+        trimmed = trimmed.substr(firstNonSpace);
+    }
+
+    // Parse top-level device information
+    if (trimmed.find("\"model_family\":") == 0)
+    {
+        ctx.modelFamily = extractStringValue(line);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (trimmed.find("\"model_name\":") == 0)
+    {
+        ctx.modelName = extractStringValue(line);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (trimmed.find("\"serial_number\":") == 0)
+    {
+        ctx.serial = extractStringValue(line);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Parse capacity from user_capacity.bytes
+    if (trimmed.find("\"bytes\":") == 0)
+    {
+        ctx.capacity = extractIntegerValue(line);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Parse error count from self_test log
+    if (trimmed.find("\"error_count_total\":") == 0)
+    {
+        ctx.errorCount = extractIntegerValue(line);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Parse power-on hours
+    if (trimmed.find("\"hours\":") == 0)
+    {
+        ctx.powerOnHours = extractIntegerValue(line);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Parse power cycle count
+    if (trimmed.find("\"power_cycle_count\":") == 0)
+    {
+        ctx.powerCycles = extractIntegerValue(line);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Parse temperature
+    if (trimmed.find("\"current\":") == 0 && ctx.temperature == 0)
+    {
+        // Only parse first occurrence (temperature section, not other "current" fields)
+        ctx.temperature = extractIntegerValue(line);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // State machine for SMART attributes parsing
+    switch (ctx.state)
+    {
+    case SMARTParseContext::SEARCHING:
+        // Look for critical attribute IDs
+        if (trimmed.find("\"id\": 5,") == 0)
+        {
+            ctx.state = SMARTParseContext::IN_ATTRIBUTE_5;
+            ctx.currentAttributeId = 5;
+        }
+        else if (trimmed.find("\"id\": 197,") == 0)
+        {
+            ctx.state = SMARTParseContext::IN_ATTRIBUTE_197;
+            ctx.currentAttributeId = 197;
+        }
+        else if (trimmed.find("\"id\": 198,") == 0)
+        {
+            ctx.state = SMARTParseContext::IN_ATTRIBUTE_198;
+            ctx.currentAttributeId = 198;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case SMARTParseContext::IN_ATTRIBUTE_5:
+    case SMARTParseContext::IN_ATTRIBUTE_197:
+    case SMARTParseContext::IN_ATTRIBUTE_198:
+        // Look for "raw": { start
+        if (trimmed.find("\"raw\":") == 0)
+        {
+            ctx.state = SMARTParseContext::IN_RAW_SECTION;
+        }
+        // Look for end of attribute object (more indented closing brace = end of attribute)
+        // "      }," or "      }" at attribute level (6 spaces)
+        else if (line.find("      },") == 0 || line.find("      }") == 0)
+        {
+            ctx.state = SMARTParseContext::SEARCHING;
+            ctx.currentAttributeId = 0;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case SMARTParseContext::IN_RAW_SECTION:
+        // Look for "value": number inside raw section
+        if (trimmed.find("\"value\":") == 0)
+        {
+            uint64_t value = extractIntegerValue(line);
+
+            // Store value in appropriate field based on current attribute
+            if (ctx.currentAttributeId == 5)
+            {
+                ctx.reallocatedSectors = static_cast<uint32_t>(value);
+            }
+            else if (ctx.currentAttributeId == 197)
+            {
+                ctx.pendingSectors = static_cast<uint32_t>(value);
+            }
+            else if (ctx.currentAttributeId == 198)
+            {
+                ctx.uncorrectableSectors = static_cast<uint32_t>(value);
+            }
+
+            // Stay in raw section - closing brace will exit
+        }
+        // Look for end of raw object (less indented = back to attribute level)
+        // "        }" at raw level (8 spaces)
+        else if (line.find("        }") == 0)
+        {
+            // Return to attribute state (raw section closed)
+            ctx.state = (ctx.currentAttributeId == 5) ? SMARTParseContext::IN_ATTRIBUTE_5 : (ctx.currentAttributeId == 197) ? SMARTParseContext::IN_ATTRIBUTE_197
+                                                                                                                            : SMARTParseContext::IN_ATTRIBUTE_198;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
 /**
  * \brief   get and set S.M.A.R.T. values in Drive
  * \param   pointer of Drive instance
@@ -15,424 +265,123 @@ using namespace std;
  */
 void SMART::readSMARTData(Drive *drive)
 {
-    string modelFamily;
+    SMARTParseContext ctx;
-    string modelName;
+    uint8_t exitStatus = 255U;
-    string serial;
-    uint64_t capacity = 0U;
-    uint32_t errorCount = 0U;
-    uint32_t powerOnHours = 0U;
-    uint32_t powerCycles = 0U;
-    uint32_t temperature = 0U;
-    uint32_t reallocatedSectors = 0U;
-    uint32_t pendingSectors = 0U;
-    uint32_t uncorrectableSectors = 0U;
 
-    modelFamily.clear();
+    // Command order optimized for USB adapters
-    modelName.clear();
+    // Standard commands first, then device-specific variants
-    serial.clear();
+    string sSmartctlCommands[] = {
+        " --json -a ",                // Try standard first
+        " --json -d sat -a ",         // SAT (SCSI/ATA Translation) - most USB adapters
+        " --json -d usbjmicron -a ",  // USB JMicron
+        " --json -d usbprolific -a ", // USB Prolific
+        " --json -d usbsunplus -a "   // USB Sunplus
+    };
 
-    string sSmartctlCommands[] = {" --json -a ", " --json -d sntjmicron -a ", " --json -d sntasmedia -a ", " --json -d sntrealtek -a ", " --json -d sat -a "};
+    for (const string &sSmartctlCommand : sSmartctlCommands)
-
-    for (string sSmartctlCommand : sSmartctlCommands)
     {
-        string sCMD = ("smartctl");
+        // Build command with timeout
+        string sCMD = "timeout 5 smartctl"; // 5 second timeout prevents hanging
         sCMD.append(sSmartctlCommand);
         sCMD.append(drive->getPath());
-        const char *cpComand = sCMD.c_str();
+        // Note: stderr NOT suppressed for debugging
 
-        // Logger::logThis()->info(cpComand);
+        Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Executing: " + sCMD);
 
-        FILE *outputfileSmart = popen(cpComand, "r");
+        // Execute smartctl with timeout protection
-        size_t len = 0U;    // length of found line
+        FILE *outputfileSmart = popen(sCMD.c_str(), "r");
-        char *cLine = NULL; // found line
+        if (outputfileSmart == nullptr)
-        uint8_t status = 255U;
-
-        while ((getline(&cLine, &len, outputfileSmart)) != -1)
         {
-            string sLine = string(cLine);
+            Logger::logThis()->error("SMART: Failed to execute smartctl");
+            continue;
+        }
 
-            SMART::parseExitStatus(sLine, status);
+        // Reset context for new attempt
-            SMART::parseModelFamily(sLine, modelFamily);
+        ctx = SMARTParseContext();
-            SMART::parseModelName(sLine, modelName);
+
-            SMART::parseSerial(sLine, serial);
+        // Parse output line by line
-            SMART::parseCapacity(sLine, capacity);
+        char *cLine = nullptr;
-            SMART::parseErrorCount(sLine, errorCount);
+        size_t len = 0;
-            SMART::parsePowerOnHours(sLine, powerOnHours);
+        int lineCount = 0;
-            SMART::parsePowerCycles(sLine, powerCycles);
+
-            SMART::parseTemperature(sLine, temperature);
+        while (getline(&cLine, &len, outputfileSmart) != -1)
-            SMART::parseReallocatedSectors(sLine, reallocatedSectors);
+        {
-            SMART::parsePendingSectors(sLine, pendingSectors);
+            string sLine(cLine);
-            SMART::parseUncorrectableSectors(sLine, uncorrectableSectors);
+            lineCount++;
+
+            // Parse exit status
+            if (sLine.find("\"exit_status\":") != string::npos)
+            {
+                exitStatus = static_cast<uint8_t>(extractIntegerValue(sLine));
+            }
+
+            // Process this line
+            processLine(sLine, ctx);
         }
 
         free(cLine);
-        pclose(outputfileSmart);
+        int pcloseStatus = pclose(outputfileSmart);
 
-        if (status == 0U)
+        Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Parsed " + to_string(lineCount) + " lines, exit status: " + to_string(exitStatus));
+
+        // Check if timeout killed the process
+        if (WIFSIGNALED(pcloseStatus) && WTERMSIG(pcloseStatus) == SIGTERM)
         {
-            // Found S.M.A.R.T. data with this command
+            Logger::logThis()->warning("SMART: Command timed out (5s) - skipping to next variant");
-            // Logger::logThis()->info("Found S.M.A.R.T. data with this command");
+            continue;
-            break;
-        }
         }
 
-    drive->setDriveSMARTData(modelFamily, modelName, serial, capacity, errorCount, powerOnHours, powerCycles, temperature, reallocatedSectors, pendingSectors, uncorrectableSectors); // write data in drive
+        // IGNORE exit status - instead check if we got valid data!
+        // Exit status 64 means "error log contains errors" but SMART data is still valid
+        // Exit status 4 means "some prefail attributes concerning" but data is valid
+        // What matters: Did we parse model name and serial?
+        if (!ctx.modelName.empty() && !ctx.serial.empty())
+        {
+            Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Successfully parsed data");
+            Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Model: " + ctx.modelName);
+            Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Serial: " + ctx.serial);
+            Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Capacity: " + to_string(ctx.capacity) + " bytes");
+            Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Power-On Hours: " + to_string(ctx.powerOnHours));
+            Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Temperature: " + to_string(ctx.temperature) + " C");
+            Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Reallocated Sectors: " + to_string(ctx.reallocatedSectors));
+            Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Pending Sectors: " + to_string(ctx.pendingSectors));
+            Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Uncorrectable Sectors: " + to_string(ctx.uncorrectableSectors));
+
+            if (exitStatus != 0)
+            {
+                Logger::logThis()->info("SMART: Note - exit status " + to_string(exitStatus) + " indicates warnings/errors in SMART log");
             }
 
-/**
+            break; // Success - we got data!
- * \brief parse ExitStatus
- * \param string output line of smartctl
- * \param uint8_t parsed status
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parseExitStatus(string sLine, uint8_t &status)
-{
-    string search("\"exit_status\": ");
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos)
-    {
-        sLine.erase(0U, sLine.find(": ") + 1U);
-        status = stol(sLine);
-        return true;
         }
         else
         {
-        return false;
+            Logger::logThis()->warning("SMART: No valid data parsed (exit status: " + to_string(exitStatus) + ")");
         }
     }
 
-/**
+    // Check if we got ANY data
- * \brief parse ModelFamily
+    if (ctx.modelName.empty() && ctx.serial.empty())
- * \param string output line of smartctl
- * \param string parsed model family
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parseModelFamily(string sLine, string &modelFamily)
     {
-    string search("\"model_family\": ");
+        Logger::logThis()->warning("SMART: No SMART data available for this drive - may not support SMART or need root privileges");
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
+
-    if (found != string::npos)
+        // Try basic device info without SMART (use hdparm or similar as fallback)
-    {
+        // For now, just log that SMART is not available
-        sLine.erase(0U, sLine.find(": ") + 3U);
+        ctx.modelName = "SMART not available";
-        if (sLine.length() >= 3U)
+        ctx.serial = "N/A";
-        {
-            sLine.erase(sLine.length() - 3U, 3U);
-        }
-        modelFamily = sLine;
-        return true;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
     }
 
-/**
+    // Write parsed data to drive
- * \brief parse ModelName
+    drive->setDriveSMARTData(
- * \param string output line of smartctl
+        ctx.modelFamily,
- * \param string parsed model name
+        ctx.modelName,
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
+        ctx.serial,
- */
+        ctx.capacity,
-bool SMART::parseModelName(string sLine, string &modelName)
+        ctx.errorCount,
-{
+        ctx.powerOnHours,
-    string search("\"model_name\": ");
+        ctx.powerCycles,
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
+        ctx.temperature,
-    if (found != string::npos)
+        ctx.reallocatedSectors,
-    {
+        ctx.pendingSectors,
-        sLine.erase(0U, sLine.find(": ") + 3U);
+        ctx.uncorrectableSectors);
-        if (sLine.length() >= 3U)
-        {
-            sLine.erase(sLine.length() - 3U, 3U);
 }
-        modelName = sLine;
-        return true;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * \brief parse Serial
- * \param string output line of smartctl
- * \param string parsed serial
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parseSerial(string sLine, string &serial)
-{
-    string search("\"serial_number\": ");
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos)
-    {
-        sLine.erase(0, sLine.find(": ") + 3);
-        if (sLine.length() >= 3U)
-        {
-            sLine.erase(sLine.length() - 3U, 3U);
-        }
-        serial = sLine;
-        return true;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * \brief parse Capacity
- * \param string output line of smartctl
- *  \param string parsed capacity
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parseCapacity(string sLine, uint64_t &capacity)
-{
-    string search("\"bytes\": ");
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos)
-    {
-        sLine.erase(0, sLine.find(": ") + 2);
-        if (sLine.length() >= 1U)
-        {
-            sLine.erase(sLine.length() - 1U, 1U);
-        }
-        capacity = stol(sLine);
-        return true;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * \brief parse ErrorCount
- * \param string output line of smartctl
- * \param uint32_t parsed error count
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parseErrorCount(string sLine, uint32_t &errorCount)
-{
-    string search("\"error_count_total\": ");
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos)
-    {
-        sLine.erase(0U, sLine.find(": ") + 2U);
-        if (sLine.length() >= 2U)
-        {
-            sLine.erase(sLine.length() - 2U, 2U);
-        }
-        errorCount = stol(sLine);
-        return true;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * \brief parse PowerOnHours
- * \param string output line of smartctl\
- * \param uint32_t parsed power on hours
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parsePowerOnHours(string sLine, uint32_t &powerOnHours)
-{
-    string search("\"hours\": ");
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos)
-    {
-        sLine.erase(0U, sLine.find(": ") + 2U);
-        if (sLine.length() >= 1U)
-        {
-            sLine.erase(sLine.length() - 1U, 1U);
-        }
-        powerOnHours = stol(sLine);
-        return true;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * \brief parse PowerCycle
- * \param string output line of smartctl
- * \param uint32_t parsed power cycles
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parsePowerCycles(string sLine, uint32_t &powerCycles)
-{
-    string search("\"power_cycle_count\": ");
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos)
-    {
-        sLine.erase(0, sLine.find(": ") + 2);
-        if (sLine.length() >= 2U)
-        {
-            sLine.erase(sLine.length() - 2U, 2U);
-        }
-        powerCycles = stol(sLine);
-        return true;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * \brief parse temperature
- * \param string output line of smartctl
- * \param uint32_t parsed temperature
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parseTemperature(string sLine, uint32_t &temperature)
-{
-    string search("\"current\": ");
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos)
-    {
-        sLine.erase(0U, sLine.find(": ") + 2U);
-        if (sLine.length() >= 1U)
-        {
-            sLine.erase(sLine.length() - 1U, 2U);
-        }
-        if (sLine == "{")
-        {
-            temperature = 0U; // this drive doesn't support temperature
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            temperature = stol(sLine);
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * \brief parse Reallocated Sectors Count (SMART ID 0x05)
- * \param string output line of smartctl
- * \param uint32_t parsed reallocated sectors count
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parseReallocatedSectors(string sLine, uint32_t &reallocatedSectors)
-{
-    string search("\"id\": 5,");
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos)
-    {
-        // Found attribute ID 5 (Reallocated_Sector_Ct)
-        // Now we need to find the raw value in the next lines
-        // smartctl JSON format: "raw": { "value": <number>, ... }
-        return true; // Mark that we found the attribute
-    }
-    
-    // Look for the raw value if we're in the right attribute
-    search = "\"value\":";
-    found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos && sLine.find("\"raw\":") != string::npos)
-    {
-        // Extract value after "value":
-        sLine.erase(0U, sLine.find("\"value\":") + 8U);
-        // Remove trailing characters
-        size_t comma = sLine.find(",");
-        if (comma != string::npos)
-        {
-            sLine = sLine.substr(0, comma);
-        }
-        // Remove whitespace
-        sLine.erase(remove(sLine.begin(), sLine.end(), ' '), sLine.end());
-        
-        if (!sLine.empty() && sLine.find_first_not_of("0123456789") == string::npos)
-        {
-            reallocatedSectors = stoul(sLine);
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    
-    return false;
-}
-
-/**
- * \brief parse Current Pending Sector Count (SMART ID 0xC5)
- * \param string output line of smartctl
- * \param uint32_t parsed pending sectors count
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parsePendingSectors(string sLine, uint32_t &pendingSectors)
-{
-    string search("\"id\": 197,"); // 0xC5 = 197 decimal
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos)
-    {
-        return true; // Mark that we found the attribute
-    }
-    
-    // Look for the raw value
-    search = "\"value\":";
-    found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos && sLine.find("\"raw\":") != string::npos)
-    {
-        sLine.erase(0U, sLine.find("\"value\":") + 8U);
-        size_t comma = sLine.find(",");
-        if (comma != string::npos)
-        {
-            sLine = sLine.substr(0, comma);
-        }
-        sLine.erase(remove(sLine.begin(), sLine.end(), ' '), sLine.end());
-        
-        if (!sLine.empty() && sLine.find_first_not_of("0123456789") == string::npos)
-        {
-            pendingSectors = stoul(sLine);
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    
-    return false;
-}
-
-/**
- * \brief parse Offline Uncorrectable Sectors (SMART ID 0xC6)
- * \param string output line of smartctl
- * \param uint32_t parsed uncorrectable sectors count
- * \return bool if parsing was possible
- */
-bool SMART::parseUncorrectableSectors(string sLine, uint32_t &uncorrectableSectors)
-{
-    string search("\"id\": 198,"); // 0xC6 = 198 decimal
-    size_t found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos)
-    {
-        return true; // Mark that we found the attribute
-    }
-    
-    // Look for the raw value
-    search = "\"value\":";
-    found = sLine.find(search);
-    if (found != string::npos && sLine.find("\"raw\":") != string::npos)
-    {
-        sLine.erase(0U, sLine.find("\"value\":") + 8U);
-        size_t comma = sLine.find(",");
-        if (comma != string::npos)
-        {
-            sLine = sLine.substr(0, comma);
-        }
-        sLine.erase(remove(sLine.begin(), sLine.end(), ' '), sLine.end());
-        
-        if (!sLine.empty() && sLine.find_first_not_of("0123456789") == string::npos)
-        {
-            uncorrectableSectors = stoul(sLine);
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    
-    return false;
-}
-